本文旨在从社会学的角度研究我国社会转型加速期的环境问题和环境保护战略与策略的转换，研究的重点在于揭示社会转型与环境问题的关联，探讨社会转型给环境保护所带来的新的机会和条件，提出缓解中国环境问题的社会学途径。

基于 1995年和1997年的两次抽样调查资料、1997年的个案研究资料和近年来国内外发表的一些文献资料，本文采用社会转型的视角、社会过程的视角和社会与个人相互作用的视角，深入分析了当代中国环境问题的社会特征及其原因，解析了环境问题的社会建构过程，评估了现有环境保护的主要对策，最后指出了组织创新的重要意义及其局限。

整个研究可以说是围绕着两个基本理论预设进行的，它们是：（ 1）环境与社会是相互作用的；（2）当代中国社会正处于社会转型加速期。从这两个预设出发，可以推导出若干具体假设：（1）转型社会的环境问题有其独自的特征；（2）转型社会有其独特的造成环境问题的具体机制；（3）当代中国环境问题在一定程度上是特定环境状况与特定社会过程交互作用的产物，换句话说，环境问题在一定程度上是经由转型期的特定社会过程建构的；（4）应对环境问题的策略必须考虑到中国社会的特点；（5）由于社会转型所加剧的环境问题，最终只能通过进一步的社会变革（如调节发展目标，优化社会结构等）去解决。全文各章基本上就是对上述假设的论证，这种论证过程实际上也是提出阐释环境问题的“社会转型范式”的过程。

全文包括前言、目录、正文、结束语、参考文献、附录和后记，共七个部分。

正文共分八章，实际上可以看作是由三个部分构成的。第一章、第二章是一个部分，基本上属于导论性质；第三章、第四章和第五章构成第二部分，主要是集中分析当代中国环境问题的特征及其成因；第六章、第七章和第八章构成第三部分，旨在集中分析、比较各种环境保护对策，提出缓解中国环境问题的社会学途径。

在第一章中，笔者旨在提出分析的主题。这里，笔者简略地回顾了社会理论与环境的关联，指出研究社会的良性运行和协调发展内在地要求关注环境；对西方环境社会学进行了初步研究，指出应当围绕“环境问题产生的社会原因及其社会影响”，进行实证研究，建构环境社会学的“中程理论”；概括地介绍了当代中国环境的总体状况和环境保护的政府主导型特征，并评述了对于环境问题的相关研究。

在第二章中，笔者介绍了本文分析的主要资料来源，并对本文使用的一些核心概念，如环境问题、社会转型、社会控制和社会建构等，作出说明和界定，同时还深入阐述了本文研究的具体视角，即社会转型的视角、社会过程的视角和社会与个人相互作用的视角。

在第三章中，笔者研究并总结了当代中国环境问题的社会特征。这些特征包括：随着社会转型的加速进行，环境问题日趋严重；环境问题不仅表现为人（社会）与自然的矛盾，而且越来越表现为人与人之间的矛盾；随着居民生活水平的提高，生活污染在环境问题中的分量加重；城市环境问题受到高度重视，并在局部有所缓解；农村环境问题失控，呈日益蔓延和加重的趋势；环境问题与贫困问题有形成恶性循环的趋势；公众环境意识水平低下；环境问题与其他社会问题交叉、重叠，解决起来的难度日益加大。此外，笔者还运用抽样调查资料，分析了中国城乡居民对于环境问题的主观认知，指出公众对于环境问题的认知具有社会建构的特征。

在第四章中，笔者运用社会转型理论，深入分析了社会转型对于环境的不利影响，特别是分析了社会结构转型、社会体制转轨和社会价值观念变化对于环境的不利影响。这里，笔者特别强调了社会转型加速期对于环境的不利影响；强调了在从计划体制到市场体制的转轨过程中，各种环境政策失灵所导致的负面后果；提出由于城乡分化所导致的二元控制体系造成了中国城乡环境状况发展的差异；突出论证了消费主义和流动观念变化对于环境的消极影响。

在第五章中，笔者采用社会过程的视角，侧重从主观、动态的层面，解析了当代中国环境问题的社会建构过程，特别是深入具体地分析了国际社会、中国政府、环境科学、大众传播媒介和民间环保团体等主体在建构环境问题中的作用。这里，笔者提出了“政府动员型环境运动”的概念，并着意区分了中国政府的内部动员与社会动员两个过程；指出大众媒介对于环境的关注具有各种复杂的背景，民间环保团体对于环境问题建构的作用尚未充分显现。大体上讲，中国环境问题的社会建构具有单向性，它体现在建构主体的单向性、建构内容的单向性和建构观念的单向性等方面。

在第六章中，笔者采用类型学的方法，将现有环境保护的单项对策概括为三个基本类型，即“技术环保论”、“制度环保论”和“文化环保论”。这里，笔者仔细评估了各种对策，在指出其对于环境保护具有一定作用的同时，特别强调指出了其各自的缺陷，尤其是在社会转型期所表现出来的缺陷。针对环境管理在我国环境保护工作中占有相当重要之位置这一事实，笔者侧重分析了环境管理之重要手段——制度——在当前的种种失灵表现及其原因。

在第七章中，笔者就源于环境保护的所谓“可持续发展”思想加以评论，指出可持续发展作为一种新的发展观，无疑具有很多方面的进步性，这集中体现为它在考虑发展问题时增加了四个维度，即全球维度、整体维度、时间维度和环境维度。然而，迄今为止，并没有哪个国家真正实现了可持续发展。可持续发展在理念层次、理解层次、内容层次和实际操作层次上，仍然存在诸多局限。这里，笔者指出，调节发展目标，正确理解并促进实施适度消费，应当成为促进可持续发展的重要手段。同时，笔者还运用调查数据分析了中国人的消费观，指出中国人的消费观是有利于实施适度消费的。

在第八章中，笔者提出了通过组织创新以优化社会结构，推进社会民主化，从而促进环境保护和可持续发展的观点，并探讨了组织创新的理论依据和实践依据，指出社会转型在一个方面实际上意味着社会重组。为此，不仅需要重新反思基于原有社会组织体系的各种环境政策，而且需要顺应社会重组的趋势，推动组织创新，优化社会结构，从而促进环境保护，促进可持续发展。这里，所谓组织创新，包括原有组织（特别是政府以及政府的非政府组织）功能的转换、新的组织资源的开放（特别是要发展真正意义上的民间环保组织）以及一些组织（特别是社区组织）的重建。同时，笔者提出，应当逐步形成各种激励机制，培育社会事业领域的“企业家”，促进环境保护等社会事业。

在很大程度上，本文所提阐释环境问题的“社会转型范式”是针对国外环境社会学关于环境问题的各种解释范式（如“生态学范式”、“政治经济学范式”和“建构主义范式”等）的。在笔者看来，国外环境社会学关于环境问题的各种解释范式，虽然从其各自的视角看都有一定的道理，然而并不能全面解释，甚至不能正确解释当代中国的环境问题。毫无疑问，当代中国的社会转型对于当代中国的环境状况而言，是一个很有解释力的变量。探讨社会转型与环境问题之间的关联，有助于促进环境社会学“中程理论”的发展。

主题词：环境社会学、社会转型、环境问题、环境保护、组织创新

Abstract

The main object of this paper is to examine the environmental problems in the context of transforming China and to deliberate the shift of the stratagem and tactics with regard to the problem. Furthermore the pivot of the paper is to untangle the correlation between social transformation and the environmental problem, while to explore the changing opportunities and conditions brought by the transformation.

The dissertation is based on two social surveys in 1995 and 1997, respectively; and the case study carried out in 1997. Some resources are extracted from the literatures published at home and abroad. In the perspectives of social transformation, social process and the interaction between society and individual, the author analyses the causes and social characteristics of the environment problem in China, examines the social constructing process of this problem, and assesses the main countermeasures adopted in the environmental protection. In conclusion, the author points out the significance of the organizational innovation, as well as its limits.

The whole research work is constructed beyond two basic assumptions, which are I . that environment and society are interacted by each other; II . that the Chinese society looks an accelerating period of social transformation. From these two assumptions, five hypotheses are derived: (1) the environmental problem in transformation period has its characteristics; (2) it exists a particular mechanism to arouse the environmental problem in a transforming society; (3) the environmental problem in contemporary China is an outcome of the interaction between the given environmental condition and the certain social process in a sense, in other words, it is constructed by the special social process; (4) the strategy that replies to the environmental problem should embody the features of Chinese society; (5) the environmental problem exacerbated by the social transformation can but be settled through further social reform. All the chapters shown as follows are aimed to prove these hypotheses. Meanwhile the process is also the one to put forward a new paradigm ---social transformation paradigm---to examine the environmental problem.

The dissertation consists of seven parts: I ) Preface, II ) Catalog, III ) Text, IV ) Tag, V ) Bibliography, VI ) Appendices and VII ) Postscript.

The text part are made up of eight chapters, it can be looked as three sections. The first section is composed of Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, as an introduction. Chapter 3,4 and 5 constitutes the second section, concentrating on analyzing the causes and characteristics of the environmental problem in current China. The last section consists of Chapter 6 to Chapter 8, focusing on comparing and analyzing the various countermeasures for environmental protection.

In Chapter 1, the author puts forward the research subject. First, the author briefly reviews the correlation of social theories and the environment, suggesting that paying attention to environment is the intrinsic demand in the research of one society’s effective operation and harmonious development. After commenting on the western Environment Sociology, the author argues that empirical researches need to be carried out and the mid-range theories of the Environment Sociology should be constructed, and both of which should center on “the social causes and consequences of the environmental problem”. Then the author evaluated the researches related to environmental problems.

In Chapter 2, the main data used in this paper are briefly explained firstly. Next, the core concepts are introduced and defined, for instance environmental problem, social transformation, social control and social constructism, etc. Meanwhile, the author elaborates the definite perspective in his research, namely social transformation perspective, social process perspective and the perspective of interaction between society and individual.

In Chapter 3, the author analyzes social characteristics of the environmental problem in current China as follows: Firstly, with the acceleration of social transformation, the environmental problem gets worse and worse; Secondly, the problem not only presents as the contradiction between human beings (society) and the nature, but also increasingly reflects as the conflicts within humans; Thirdly, along with the improvement of the standard of living, the daily pollution yields aggravating environmental problem; Fourthly, in Urban area the environmental problem is attached much more importance and the condition is ameliorated in part, on the other hand, the situation in rural area is somewhat out of control and becomes further worse and more pervasive; Fifthly, the bad circle of poverty and environment is forming; Sixthly, the level of public environmental consciousness is very low; Lastly, the environmental problem interweaves and overlaps with other social problems, which brings more difficulties in resolving the environmental problem.

In chapter 4, the author analyzes some malfuctions of the social transformation on environment; especially the malfuctions brought about by the transformation of the social structure, the transition of the social institution, as well as the changes in value. Furthermore, the adverse influence caused by the acceleration phrase of the social transformation is emphasized. In other words, the transitional period from planned economy to market economy results in the failure of the environmental policies. The dual control system induced by the division of urban and rural also produces some malfuctions. Meanwhile the author suggests that consumerism and changing ideas on mobility have negative consequences on environment.

In Chapter 5, in the perspective of social process, the author examines the social constructing process of the environmental problem in present China. The analysis lays particular stress on the subjective and dynamic scale, indicating the roles performed by the agents---international society, Chinese government, environmental science, mass media and non-governmental environmental protection groups---in the construction of the environment problem. At this point, the author coins a concept so-called “environmental movement of governmental mobilization”. Meanwhile, he distinguishes the inner mobilization of the government from the social mobilization by the government as two distinct processes. Furthermore, it suggests that the concern of the mass media has diversified and complex backgrounds, whereas the function of the non-governmental environmental protection groups hasn’t yet manifest sufficiently.

In Chapter 6, employing the method of typology, the author generalizes existing single countermeasures into three basic types, namely the technological environmentalism, the institutional environmentalism and the cultural environmentalism . Meanwhile these strategies are scrutinized, and their advantages are confirmed, whereas their limitations are pointed out respectively, especially the ones exposed in the transformation period. Admitting the fact that the environmental administration is of much importance in the task of environmental protection, the author analyzes various failures and causes of the administrative system as the major means of environmental protection.

In Chapter 7, the author evaluates the idea of “sustainable development”, which derives from environmental protection, exalting its undoubtedly significance as a new concept of development. The new idea adds four dimensions to the development issue, that is the global dimension, entirety dimension, time dimension and environmental dimension. However, so far none of countries realizes the sustainable development in practice. This strategy still has much limitation in the aspects of concepts, interpretation, content and operation. The author proposes that moderate consumption would be an important means to promote the sustainable development. Meanwhile, based on a sample data, the author analyzes the ideas in consumption of the Chinese people, indicating that it is propitious to moderate consumption.

In Chapter 8, the author discusses the theoretic and practical grounds of organizational innovation on the issue of environmental protection, maintaining that social transformation implies social recomposing in a way. Therefore, it is not only necessary to rethink the various environmental policies established by existing organizational system, but also to facilitate organizational innovation in the course of social recomposing. Thus it may consequently promotes the environmental protection and sustainable development. The organizational innovation here means the functional shift of the existing organization (especially the government and the government’s non-governmental organization), the opening of some new organizational resource and the reconstruction of some organizations (especially community groups). Furthermore, the author suggests that various kinds of incentive mechanisms be established to foster the “entrepreneurs” in the field of social causes and to promote these causes such as environmental protection.

To a large extent, the effort to innovate is to respond to the paradigms of the foreign counterparts on the environmental problem. According to the author’s thought, although the various explanatory paradigms put forward by the foreign researches are somewhat reasonable in their perspectives respectively, they can’t give a comprehensive explanation, even a proper explanation on environmental problem in contemporary China. However, the environmental condition in today’s China should be a function of the occurring social transformation.

Key words: Environmental Sociology, Social Transformation, Environmental Problem, Environmental Protection, Organizational Innovation.